$ git fsck <1> $ git count-objects <2> $ git gc <3>
[Basic Repository] commands are needed by people who have a repository --- that is everybody, because every working tree of git is a repository.
In addition, [Individual Developer (Standalone)] commands are essential for anybody who makes a commit, even for somebody who works alone.
If you work with other people, you will need commands listed in the [Individual Developer (Participant)] section as well.
People who play the [Integrator] role need to learn some more commands in addition to the above.
[Repository Administration] commands are for system administrators who are responsible for the care and feeding of git repositories.
Everybody uses these commands to maintain git repositories.
git-init(1) or git-clone(1) to create a new repository.
git-fsck(1) to check the repository for errors.
git-gc(1) to do common housekeeping tasks such as repack and prune.
$ git fsck <1> $ git count-objects <2> $ git gc <3>
running without \--full is usually cheap and assures the repository health reasonably well.
check how many loose objects there are and how much disk space is wasted by not repacking.
repacks the local repository and performs other housekeeping tasks.
$ git gc <1>
pack all the objects reachable from the refs into one pack, then remove the other packs.
A standalone individual developer does not exchange patches with other people, and works alone in a single repository, using the following commands.
git-show-branch(1) to see where you are.
git-log(1) to see what happened.
git-checkout(1) and git-branch(1) to switch branches.
git-add(1) to manage the index file.
git-diff(1) and git-status(1) to see what you are in the middle of doing.
git-commit(1) to advance the current branch.
git-reset(1) and git-checkout(1) (with pathname parameters) to undo changes.
git-merge(1) to merge between local branches.
git-rebase(1) to maintain topic branches.
git-tag(1) to mark known point.
$ tar zxf frotz.tar.gz $ cd frotz $ git init $ git add . <1> $ git commit -m "import of frotz source tree." $ git tag v2.43 <2>
add everything under the current directory.
make a lightweight, unannotated tag.
$ git checkout -b alsa-audio <1> $ edit/compile/test $ git checkout -- curses/ux_audio_oss.c <2> $ git add curses/ux_audio_alsa.c <3> $ edit/compile/test $ git diff HEAD <4> $ git commit -a -s <5> $ edit/compile/test $ git reset --soft HEAD^ <6> $ edit/compile/test $ git diff ORIG_HEAD <7> $ git commit -a -c ORIG_HEAD <8> $ git checkout master <9> $ git merge alsa-audio <10> $ git log --since='3 days ago' <11> $ git log v2.43.. curses/ <12>
create a new topic branch.
revert your botched changes in curses/ux_audio_oss.c.
you need to tell git if you added a new file; removal and modification will be caught if you do git commit -a later.
to see what changes you are committing.
commit everything as you have tested, with your sign-off.
take the last commit back, keeping what is in the working tree.
look at the changes since the premature commit we took back.
redo the commit undone in the previous step, using the message you originally wrote.
switch to the master branch.
merge a topic branch into your master branch.
review commit logs; other forms to limit output can be combined and include \--max-count=10 (show 10 commits), \--until=2005-12-10, etc.
view only the changes that touch what’s in curses/ directory, since v2.43 tag.
A developer working as a participant in a group project needs to learn how to communicate with others, and uses these commands in addition to the ones needed by a standalone developer.
git-clone(1) from the upstream to prime your local repository.
git-pull(1) and git-fetch(1) from "origin" to keep up-to-date with the upstream.
git-push(1) to shared repository, if you adopt CVS style shared repository workflow.
git-format-patch(1) to prepare e-mail submission, if you adopt Linux kernel-style public forum workflow.
$ git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/.../torvalds/linux-2.6 my2.6 $ cd my2.6 $ edit/compile/test; git commit -a -s <1> $ git format-patch origin <2> $ git pull <3> $ git log -p ORIG_HEAD.. arch/i386 include/asm-i386 <4> $ git pull git://git.kernel.org/pub/.../jgarzik/libata-dev.git ALL <5> $ git reset --hard ORIG_HEAD <6> $ git gc <7> $ git fetch --tags <8>
repeat as needed.
extract patches from your branch for e-mail submission.
git pull fetches from origin by default and merges into the current branch.
immediately after pulling, look at the changes done upstream since last time we checked, only in the area we are interested in.
fetch from a specific branch from a specific repository and merge.
revert the pull.
garbage collect leftover objects from reverted pull.
from time to time, obtain official tags from the origin and store them under .git/refs/tags/.
satellite$ git clone mothership:frotz frotz <1>
satellite$ cd frotz
satellite$ git config --get-regexp '^(remote|branch)\.' <2>
remote.origin.url mothership:frotz
remote.origin.fetch refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/*
branch.master.remote origin
branch.master.merge refs/heads/master
satellite$ git config remote.origin.push \
master:refs/remotes/satellite/master <3>
satellite$ edit/compile/test/commit
satellite$ git push origin <4>
mothership$ cd frotz
mothership$ git checkout master
mothership$ git merge satellite/master <5>
mothership machine has a frotz repository under your home directory; clone from it to start a repository on the satellite machine.
clone sets these configuration variables by default. It arranges git pull to fetch and store the branches of mothership machine to local remotes/origin/* tracking branches.
arrange git push to push local master branch to remotes/satellite/master branch of the mothership machine.
push will stash our work away on remotes/satellite/master tracking branch on the mothership machine. You could use this as a back-up method.
on mothership machine, merge the work done on the satellite machine into the master branch.
$ git checkout -b private2.6.14 v2.6.14 <1> $ edit/compile/test; git commit -a $ git checkout master $ git format-patch -k -m --stdout v2.6.14..private2.6.14 | git am -3 -k <2>
create a private branch based on a well known (but somewhat behind) tag.
forward port all changes in private2.6.14 branch to master branch without a formal "merging".
A fairly central person acting as the integrator in a group project receives changes made by others, reviews and integrates them and publishes the result for others to use, using these commands in addition to the ones needed by participants.
git-am(1) to apply patches e-mailed in from your contributors.
git-pull(1) to merge from your trusted lieutenants.
git-format-patch(1) to prepare and send suggested alternative to contributors.
git-revert(1) to undo botched commits.
git-push(1) to publish the bleeding edge.
$ git status <1> $ git show-branch <2> $ mailx <3> & s 2 3 4 5 ./+to-apply & s 7 8 ./+hold-linus & q $ git checkout -b topic/one master $ git am -3 -i -s -u ./+to-apply <4> $ compile/test $ git checkout -b hold/linus && git am -3 -i -s -u ./+hold-linus <5> $ git checkout topic/one && git rebase master <6> $ git checkout pu && git reset --hard next <7> $ git merge topic/one topic/two && git merge hold/linus <8> $ git checkout maint $ git cherry-pick master~4 <9> $ compile/test $ git tag -s -m "GIT 0.99.9x" v0.99.9x <10> $ git fetch ko && git show-branch master maint 'tags/ko-*' <11> $ git push ko <12> $ git push ko v0.99.9x <13>
see what I was in the middle of doing, if any.
see what topic branches I have and think about how ready they are.
read mails, save ones that are applicable, and save others that are not quite ready.
apply them, interactively, with my sign-offs.
create topic branch as needed and apply, again with my sign-offs.
rebase internal topic branch that has not been merged to the master, nor exposed as a part of a stable branch.
restart pu every time from the next.
and bundle topic branches still cooking.
backport a critical fix.
create a signed tag.
make sure I did not accidentally rewind master beyond what I already pushed out. ko shorthand points at the repository I have at kernel.org, and looks like this:
$ cat .git/remotes/ko URL: kernel.org:/pub/scm/git/git.git Pull: master:refs/tags/ko-master Pull: next:refs/tags/ko-next Pull: maint:refs/tags/ko-maint Push: master Push: next Push: +pu Push: maint
In the output from git show-branch, master should have everything ko-master has, and next should have everything ko-next has.
push out the bleeding edge.
push the tag out, too.
A repository administrator uses the following tools to set up and maintain access to the repository by developers.
git-daemon(1) to allow anonymous download from repository.
git-shell(1) can be used as a restricted login shell for shared central repository users.
update hook howto has a good example of managing a shared central repository.
$ grep 9418 /etc/services git 9418/tcp # Git Version Control System
$ grep git /etc/inetd.conf git stream tcp nowait nobody \ /usr/bin/git-daemon git-daemon --inetd --export-all /pub/scm
The actual configuration line should be on one line.
$ cat /etc/xinetd.d/git-daemon
# default: off
# description: The git server offers access to git repositories
service git
{
disable = no
type = UNLISTED
port = 9418
socket_type = stream
wait = no
user = nobody
server = /usr/bin/git-daemon
server_args = --inetd --export-all --base-path=/pub/scm
log_on_failure += USERID
}
Check your xinetd(8) documentation and setup, this is from a Fedora system. Others might be different.
$ grep git /etc/passwd <1> alice:x:1000:1000::/home/alice:/usr/bin/git-shell bob:x:1001:1001::/home/bob:/usr/bin/git-shell cindy:x:1002:1002::/home/cindy:/usr/bin/git-shell david:x:1003:1003::/home/david:/usr/bin/git-shell $ grep git /etc/shells <2> /usr/bin/git-shell
log-in shell is set to /usr/bin/git-shell, which does not allow anything but git push and git pull. The users should get an ssh access to the machine.
in many distributions /etc/shells needs to list what is used as the login shell.
$ grep git /etc/group <1> git:x:9418:alice,bob,cindy,david $ cd /home/devo.git $ ls -l <2> lrwxrwxrwx 1 david git 17 Dec 4 22:40 HEAD -> refs/heads/master drwxrwsr-x 2 david git 4096 Dec 4 22:40 branches -rw-rw-r-- 1 david git 84 Dec 4 22:40 config -rw-rw-r-- 1 david git 58 Dec 4 22:40 description drwxrwsr-x 2 david git 4096 Dec 4 22:40 hooks -rw-rw-r-- 1 david git 37504 Dec 4 22:40 index drwxrwsr-x 2 david git 4096 Dec 4 22:40 info drwxrwsr-x 4 david git 4096 Dec 4 22:40 objects drwxrwsr-x 4 david git 4096 Nov 7 14:58 refs drwxrwsr-x 2 david git 4096 Dec 4 22:40 remotes $ ls -l hooks/update <3> -r-xr-xr-x 1 david git 3536 Dec 4 22:40 update $ cat info/allowed-users <4> refs/heads/master alice\|cindy refs/heads/doc-update bob refs/tags/v[0-9]* david
place the developers into the same git group.
and make the shared repository writable by the group.
use update-hook example by Carl from Documentation/howto/ for branch policy control.
alice and cindy can push into master, only bob can push into doc-update. david is the release manager and is the only person who can create and push version tags.
dev$ git update-server-info <1> dev$ ftp user@isp.example.com <2> ftp> cp -r .git /home/user/myproject.git
make sure your info/refs and objects/info/packs are up-to-date
upload to public HTTP server hosted by your ISP.